Asriani Abbas
Perintis
Kemerdekaan Km 10, Makassar, Hasanuddin University
ABSTRACT
Approaching
the 2015 – 2020 regent election in Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province,
regent and vice regent candidates tried to gain supports from political parties
with different language strategies. They addressed themselves stakeholders and
their elector candidate community stake-givers.
They used honorific personal pronominal deictic to address elector
candidates, introduce ideas, opinions, vision, and mission to have elector
candidates choose them as regents in the election day. The aim of this study
was to describe the use of various honorific personal pronominal deictic, exophoric referral in the campaign. Data
were purposively determined and obtained from posters, billboards, banners, and
stickers posted on strategic roads in Gowa Regency, such as on Sultan
Hasanuddin Street, Tumanurung Street, and
Yusuf Bauti Street as well as from audiovisual media such as radio, TV,
SMS (short message services), BBM (Blackberry Messanger), social media such as
Facebook, twitter, and path. The
research results indicated that honorific personal pronominal diction used by
the regent candidates varied a lot. They used single first personal pronominal
diction, plural first personal pronominal diction, and second personal
pronominal diction. Single first
personal pronominal diction was exophorically
referred to the regent candidate (stakeholder), and some others were referred
to elector candidate community (stake-givers).
Plural first personal pronominal diction was referred to the stakeholder
and the stake giver. The second
pronominal diction was referred to the stake-givers, either in the form of full
personal pronominal, proclitics, or enclitics. Besides these, reversed and released deictic
were also found. The personal pronominal
diction tended to integrate personal pronominal of Indonesian and Makassar
Languages. The choice of personal pronominal integration was conducted to ease
elector candidates who live in Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi, understand the
purpose of the Regents candidates.
Keywords: personal pronominal deictic, regents
candidate, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province.
1. Introduction
Deictic can be viewed from various domains, including the realm of semantics and
pragmatics. On semantic, the meaning of deictic could be
recognized based on element that builds the concept. Meanwhile,
in pragmatic the meaning of
deictic can be recognized by
elements that are outside
the concept / speech, the speaker, the opposite, and the situation. Therefore, a pragmatic realm is a study of all
the elements of meaning that not
covered by the realm of semantics. The realm that has been mention the
last related with this explanation for tracing deictic references, especially deictic personal
pronominal used by the candidates
for regional head and deputy
is in need of elements beyond the concept /
speech known as context.
The presence of context by Syafi’I (1990:
126) is divided into four parts, named the physical context, epistemic context,
linguistic context, and social context.
Physical context associated
with the place of substitutions which presents the action or behavior
the audience. Epistemic context associated with
the same background knowledge between speaker and audience. Linguistic
context associated with the
relationship between speech
and speech that preceded
it entails. Meanwhile, the social
context associated with the social
status of the speaker and audience.
The context of the fourth complementary
to determine references
deictic personal pronominal as a subject honorifics stakeholders and the community of voters as the
giver of interest. For understanding
deictic references personal pronominal as a honorific greeting is a one of the
success determining factor of a campaign on taking over the vote that suit the
voter’s understanding as a targeted public.
2. Methodology
Data were
purposively determined and obtained from posters, billboards, banners, and
stickers posted on strategic roads in Gowa Regency, such as on Sultan
Hasanuddin Street, Tumanurung Street, and
Yusuf Bauti Street as well as from audiovisual media such as radio, TV,
SMS (short message services), BBM (Blackberry Messenger), social media such as
Facebook, twitter, and path.
3. Results Discussion
a. Deictic
Deictic term comes
from the Greek 'deictic', which
means 'appointments directly'. In general, deictic term
used to describe the
function of pronominas persona,
demonstrative pronominas, a function of time, and an assortment of other grammatical
features and lexical linking speech to the
tangle of space and
time in the act
of speech (Lyons, 1977: 22). Furthermore, according to Djajasudarma, (1993: 15) deictic may be a
location (place) identification
of persons, objects, events,
processes or activities that are being discussed or
referred to in the relationship dimensions of space and time when spoken by
a speaker or a friend
to talk. According to the prototype, deictic will be used for demonstrative personal pronominal,
personal pronominal I, II, and III, which is special temporal and location.
b. Types
of Deictic
Purwo (1984: 20)
deictic divide into
four types, namely (1) outside deictic speech
(exosphere), (2) deictic
in speech (endophore),
(3) reversal deictic,
and (4) deictic
context sensitive. Meanwhile, Nababan (1987: 40-45)
deictic divides into
five types, namely (1) deictic person, (2)
deictic place, (3)
deictic time, (4)
deictic discourse, and (5) social deictic. Deictic term
that had been used by Nababan same discourse by the
term used by Purwo's deictic
endofora. Deictic divided into two,
deictic anaphora and
cataphora. Deictic people, deictic
place, and deictic
time are the same term deictic exophora used.
Deictic social decorum
associated with language
associated with the use of honorifics form. Deictic
exophora egocentric, the speaker is at
the zero point and everything is directed at his point of view. Deictic exophora divided into three parts,
deictic persona, deictic
space, and deictic
time.
c. Personal
Pronominal Deictic
The term is derived from
the Latin word persona as a
translation of the Greek word meaning prosopon
masks (masks worn
a showman). Also
means the actor or
character drama performed
by the player. The term used by linguists
persona that time because of the similarity between the events of language and showman. Reference
designated by the personal pronominal
alternated depend on the cast performed
by participants of the speech act.
The person who is talking gets characterization called first persona. If he did not speak again, but being an audience, he
changed into a mask called a second persona.
People who are not present at the
scene of the talks, but became the talk, he
gets actor called
third person (Purwo, 1984: 22).
Deictic personal pronominal can be a personal pronominal, proper name, rank, and
the degree of kinship of speech, for example: you, brothers, doctors, paramedics,
lieutenant, captain, professor, father, mother,
sister.
Universally every language
in the world has
a personal pronominal to refer
to the person or as a greeting to replace each
and every individual who has had
their respective names. Personal
pronominal expressed relative
positions and relationships between
speakers with distinguished
colleagues who talk
on the speaker (first
person), friend to talk or pesapa (the second), and the
parties discussed or dipersapakan (third person).
Here's a basic framework of the quoted personal
pronominal Vytgostsky (in Duranti, 2000: 40),
and (in Ibrahim, 2014:
5).
The frame of personal pronominal can be explained, as
follows: The Triangle of frame personal pronominal produce relationship of three
parties the greeter, the person to talk with, and the person being talked. The
greeter becomes first persona (I), the person to talk with (II), and the person
being talked (III). The connection between the greeter and being talk with is
called meeting and involved (relation meet-involve). It means the greeter and
the person being talk with meet and involve in utterance/conversation (speech
act) to talk or being involved herself/himself which become a person to be
talked. This activity will form relation meet-involve. In triangles
relationship, that is the speakers, a person to talk with, and the person being
talked there is relationship to be counted, the first person, the second person
and the third singular person and plural third person. In a certain language,
like Indonesia language for the first singular person is being changed by the
use of personal pronominal I/I am, while for the first plural person being
changed by the use of personal pronominal we exclusively and we inclusively.
For the second person singular can be seen by the use of personal pronominal you familiar and you as an honor to respect, while for the second plural person the
use of personal pronominal you all. For the third singular person
is being changed by the use of pronominal persona she/he, while for the
third plural person being changed by the use of personal pronominal they. Indonesia language has the
criteria for personal pronominal which declared respect, manner in behaving.
Those criteria are known as the forms of personal pronominal honorific (takzim) then they treat as the things to
compare the difference of the forms personal pronominal familiar (close
friend/the same age as us).
In Makassar, language that used has much similarity as
the thing above. The use of Makassar language by the candidates of legislative
in that city is to compete with the other participants to be the member of
legislative in parliament. In Makassar language for the first singular person
is being hanged by the use of personal pronominal inakke ‘I’ and for the first plural person exclusively and
inclusively being changed by the use of pronominal persona ikatte ‘we’ dan ikatte
‘they’. If it is placed after verb that pronominal will form the new shape
which is called enklitika -ak ‘I’ dan –ki ‘we/they’. The second singular person will be changed by the
use of personal pronominal ikau ‘you’ familiar/build close relationship
and ikatte ‘you’ being used as an honorific. If it is placed after verb, both
enklitika -ko ‘you (the use of you
can be used for making close and can be used to talk to someone politely)’ and -ki in Makassar is ‘you’. For the third
singular person represents by the use of the personal pronominal ia ‘she/he’ and ia aseng ‘they’. If it is placed after verba, it will be called
enklitika -i ‘-he/she’ and -asengi ‘them’. Makassar language has
criteria for personal pronominal which shows respect or manner in behaving.
Those criteria are known as pronominal persona honorific (takzim) to compare the difference pronominal from the forms of
persona familiar (close friend/a person the same age as you)
(Abbas, 2015: 29). Those forms above cannot
be found in English, example to differentiate thing which differentiate between
pronomina the second person honorific and familiar. To build the same
perception among the regent election in Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province
with the people who will elect them in election so it is need to be supported
by the language structure and the complete meaning of the sentence. It also supported by the same way of viewing
between two constituents toward the political participants and their track record,
integrity, capability, and values of highest morality.
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